Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial Intelligence(AI) is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines to find solutions of complex problems in a more human like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. John McCarthy, who coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines", especially intelligent computer programs. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better. AI is the study and design of intelligent agents, where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.

AI programming languages include LISP, developed in the 1950s, is the early programming language strongly associated with AI. LISP is a functional programming language with procedural extensions. LISP(LISt Processor) was specifically designed for processing heterogeneous lists typically a list of symbols. Features of LISP are run-time type checking, higher order functions(functions that have other functions as parameters), automatic memory management(garbage collection) and an interactive environment. 

 

The second language strongly associated with AI is PROLOG. PROLOG was developed in the 1970s. PROLOG is declarative in nature and has facilities for explicitly limiting the search space.

Object oriented language are a class of languages more recently used for AI programming. Artificial Intelligence is a new electronic machine that stores large amount of information and process it at very high speed to solve problems. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. 

Artificial Intelligence has knowledge based primary technique to link, decide and process itself like a human beings. Artificial Intelligence is usually defined as the science of making computer intelligent machine. Artificial Intelligence sometime can some the problem and answer to natural language like English, French and Nepali. The science of making computers that can recognize and react to human language either spoken or written is called Artificial Intelligence. 

Components of AI

• Learning : Learning is distinguished into a number of different forms. The simplest is trial and error. It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught or experiencing something. It is categorized as Auditory learning.
• Reasoning : It is the set of process that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making decisions and prediction.
• Problem Solving : It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, i.e. process of selecting, the best suitable alternatives out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal.
• Perception : It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information. Perception presumes sensing. In human body, perception is aided by sensory organs.
• Linguistic Intelligence : It is one's ability to use, comprehend, speak and write the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Applications/uses of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as :

1. Problem Solving : This is the first application of AI. The objective of this particular area is how to implement the procedures of AI to solve the problem of human beings.
2. Game Planning : AI plays crucial role in game such as chess, tic-tac-toe etc. Those games are played using a well defined set of rules. This makes it easy to generate the search space. These games are represented in computer. Machine can think large number of possible positions based on Heuristics knowledge.
3. Natural language understanding : The main goal of this problem is we can ask the question to the computer in our own language i.e. computer can receive the particular language and the system gave the response within the same language. We must use to communicate with the computer using language such as English.
4. Perception : There are three major challenges in the application areas of perception.
5. Speech recognition : The main goal of this problem is how the computer machine can recognize our speeches. It can be described in two ways : 

                                                         - Discrete speech recognition : Discrete speech recognition means people can interact with the computers in such a way that they can insert time gap in between the two words or sentences. In this recognition computer takes some time for searching. 

                                                         - Continuous speech recognition : Continuous speech recognition means interact with the computer in such a way that we cannot insert time gap between two words or sentences. We can talk continuously with the computer. For this we can increase the speed of computer.

       6. Pattern recognition : The computer can identify the real world object with the help of camera.

       7. Image processing : The goal of image processing is to identify the relation between the parts of image by using camera so that computer can receive visual image. 

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